How to Troubleshoot the "NTLDR Is Missing" Error Message

When you start your Windows XP/2000/NT-based computer, you may receive the following error message:

NTLDR is missing
Press any key to restart

This problem may occur if the basic input/output system (BIOS) on your computer is outdated, or if one or more of the following Windows boot files are missing or damaged:

Ntldr
Ntdetect.com
Boot.ini

To resolve this issue, verify that the BIOS on your computer is current, and then use one or more of the following methods, as appropriate to your situation, to repair the Windows XP/2000/NT startup environment. 

IMPORTANT: its recommended that you fully back up your data on a regular basis. This is the best defense against data loss, and it must be a part of any disaster recovery plan. 

Verify That the BIOS on the Computer Is Current

Make sure that the latest revision for BIOS is installed on the computer. Contact the computer manufacturer to inquire about how to obtain, and then install the latest BIOS update that is available for the computer. 

Method 1: Use a Boot Disk to Start the Computer

1.     Create a Windows XP/2000/NT boot disk that contains the following files:

Ntldr
Ntdetect.com
Boot.ini
Ntbootdd.sys

2.     Modify the Boot.ini file to point to the correct hard disk controller and to the correct volume for your Windows installation.

3.     Insert the boot disk into the computer's floppy disk drive, and then restart the computer.

4.     Copy the Ntldr file, the Ntdetect.com file, and the Boot.ini file from the boot disk to the system partition of the local hard disk.

Method 2: Use the Recovery Console

1.     Use the Windows XP/2000/NT Setup disks to restart the computer, or use the Windows XP/2000/NT CD-ROM to restart the computer.

2.     At the Welcome to Setup screen, press R to repair the Windows XP/2000/NT installation.

3.     Press C to repair the Windows XP/2000/NT installation by using the Recovery Console.

4.     Type the number that corresponds to the Windows installation that you want to repair, and then press ENTER. For example, type 1, and then press ENTER

5.     Type the Administrator password, and then press ENTER.

6.     Type map, and then press ENTER. Note the drive letter that is assigned to the CD-ROM drive that contains the Windows XP/2000/NT CD-ROM.

7.     Type the following commands, pressing ENTER after you type each one, where drive is the drive letter that you typed in step 4 of "Method 2: Use the Recovery Console," of this article:

copy drive:\i386\ntldr c:\

copy drive:\i386\ntdetect.com c:\

If you are prompted to overwrite the file, type y, and then press ENTER.

NOTE: In these commands, there is a space between the ntldr and c:\, and betweenntdetect.com and c:\.

8.     Type the following command, and then press ENTER:

type c:\Boot.ini

A list similar to the following list appears:

[boot loader]

timeout=30

default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINNT

[operating systems]

multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINNT="Microsoft Windows XP/2000/NT Professional" /fastdetect

                                            

If you receive the following message, the Boot.ini file may be missing or damaged:

The system cannot find the file or directory specified.

9.     If the Boot.ini file is missing or damaged, create a new one. To do so, follow these steps:

a.     Use a text editor, such as Notepad or Edit.com, to create a boot loader file similar to the following boot loader file:

[boot loader]

timeout=30

default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINNT

[operating systems]

multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINNT="Microsoft Windows XP/2000/NT Professional" /fastdetect

   

b.     Save the file to a floppy disk as Boot.ini.

NOTE: If you used Notepad to create the file, make sure that the .txt extension is not appended to the Boot.ini file name.

c.     Type the following command at the Recovery Console command prompt to copy the Boot.ini file from the floppy disk to the computer:

copy a:\Boot.ini c:\

10.  Type exit, and then press ENTER. The computer restarts.

Method 3: Use the Windows XP/2000/NT CD-ROM

1.     Insert the Windows XP/2000/NT CD-ROM into the computer's CD-ROM drive or DVD-ROM drive, and start Windows XP/2000/NT Setup.

2.     On the Welcome to Setup page, press R.

3.     On the Windows XP/2000/NT Repair Options page, press R.

4.     When you are prompted to select one of the repair options, press M.

5.     Press the UP ARROW, press the UP ARROW again, to select Verify Windows XP/2000/NT system files, and then press ENTER to clear the selection.

6.     Press the DOWN ARROW to select Continue (perform selected tasks), and then press ENTER. The following message appears:

You need an Emergency Repair disk for the Windows XP/2000/NT
installation you want to repair.

7.     Do one of the following, as appropriate to your situation:

o    If you have an Emergency Repair Disk, follow these steps:

a.     Press ENTER.

b.     Insert the Emergency Repair Disk into the computer's floppy disk drive, and then press ENTER.

c.     Follow the instructions to repair the installation, and then restart the computer.

-or-

o    If you do not have an Emergency Repair Disk, follow these steps:

 .      Press L. You receive a message similar to the following:

Setup has found Windows XP/2000/NT in the following folder:

drive:\WINNT "Microsoft Windows XP/2000/NT"

a.             Press ENTER.

Setup examines the disks, and then completes the repair process.

If Setup Cannot Locate Windows XP/2000/NT

If you do not have a Windows XP/2000/NT Emergency Repair Disk, and if Setup cannot locate the Windows XP/2000/NT installation, follow these steps:

1. Start Windows XP/2000/NT Setup.
2. On the Setup will install Windows XP/2000/NT on partition page, select Leave the current file system intact (no changes), and then press ENTER.
3. Press ESC to install Windows XP/2000/NT to a new folder.
4. In the Select the folder in which the files should be copied box, type \tempwin, and then press ENTER. 
   
   Setup installs a new copy of Windows XP/2000/NT.
5. Log on to the new copy of Windows XP/2000/NT.
6. Click Start, and then click Run.
7. In the Open box, type cmd, and then click OK.
8. At the command prompt, type drive:, where drive is the boot drive of the computer, and then press ENTER. For example, type c:, and then press ENTER.
9. Type attrib -h -r -s Boot.ini, and then press ENTER.
10. Type edit Boot.ini, and then press ENTER.
    
    Edit.com opens a Boot.ini file that is similar to the following file:

[boot loader]

timeout=30

default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\TEMPWIN

[operating systems]

multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\TEMPWIN="Microsoft Windows XP/2000/NT Professional" /fastdetect

 

11.  Replace all instances of TEMPWIN with WINNT. The Boot.ini file that appears is similar to the following file:

[boot loader]

timeout=30

default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINNT

[operating systems]

multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINNT="Microsoft Windows XP/2000/NT Professional" /fastdetect

                                    

12.  Press ALT+F, and then press S.

13.  Press ALT+F, and then press X.

14.  Type attrib +h +r +s Boot.ini, and then press ENTER.

15.  Type exit to quit the command prompt.

16.  Restart the computer.

17.  At the Please select the operating system to start screen, use the ARROW keys to select Microsoft Windows XP/2000/NT, and then press ENTER.

18.  Start Windows Explorer, locate the following folders, and then delete them:

Tempwin
All Users.Tempwin

Perform a Parallel Installation of Windows XP/2000/NT

If you cannot resolve the behavior described in the "Symptoms" section of this article by using any of the methods discussed in this article perform a parallel installation of Windows XP/2000/NT, and then use Windows Explorer to copy the data that you want to recover from your original Windows installation. 

Howto setup OSSEC-HIDS on ubuntu

OSSEC is an Open Source Host-based Intrusion Detection System. It performs log analysis, file integrity checking, policy monitoring, rootkit detection, real-time alerting and active response.
It runs on most operating systems, including Linux, MacOS, Solaris, HP-UX, AIX and Windows
Howto setup OSSEC-HIDS on your ubuntu box

This HOWTO will walk you through the very simple installation of the OSSEC-HIDS application. Before we continue lets make sure everybody is on the same sheet of music.

1. OSSEC-HIDS is a host based intrusion detection system. It is a very flexible system that will allow you to achieve the following.

• rootkit detection
• file system integrity
• log file analysis
• time based alerting
• active responses

Taken from the ossec-hids FAQ
"OSSEC HIDS is an Open Source Host-based Intrusion Detection System. It performs log analysis, integrity checking, rootkit detection, time-based alerting and active response"

2. This howto is based on the following assumptions

• You are running an up to date installation of Dapper
• You are preforming a "local" installation (i.e. a single host)

3. The majority of this HOWTO is taken directly from the Installation Manual for OSSEC-HID which is a very easy to follow Manual. If you run into trouble please look at the Manual first as it will always have the most up to date information.

Ok, Now that we are all together lets proceed. As mentioned above this HOWTO will only cover a local installation. ossec-hids has the ability to monitor multiple hosts all using the same ruleset. This is accomplished by installed the ossec-hids server on one machine and then doing an agents installation on every other machine you wish to protect. The agents communicate to the server via a secure connection. If you need this type of setup please take a look at the manual, however the installation is not very different (just different options available in your conf file is about it. The other nice thing is that the agents portion of the application will also run under a windows host. This allows those of you that have to and/or want to run a windows box to secure that as well (install the server on your /flamebait/ superior /flamebait/ Linux box and the agent on your windows box)

Now the first thing we need to do is grab the latest sources. For this HOWTO we will be installing 0.8, however feel free to get the latest copy available from their site. We also need to install some stuff so we can compile it later.

Code:

sudo apt-get install build-essentials
cd ~
mkdir src
cd src
wget http://www.ossec.net/files/ossec-hids-0.8.tar.gz
http://www.ossec.net/files/ossec-hids-0.8_checksum.txt

Before we go ahead and extract this, lets make sure we got what we think we got. Verify the checksums in the .txt file and the same that the commands below output. THIS IS IMPORTANT -- DON'T SKIP IT --

Code:

cat ossec-hids-0.8_checksum.txt
md5sum ossec-hids-0.8.tar.gz
sha1sum ossec-hids-0.8.tar.gz

Well now, after verifying you have legit files (you did do that didn't you?) lets extract this bugger

Code:

tar -zxvf ossec-hids-0.8.tar.gz
cd ossec-hids-0.8

Now the fun and easy part. We are going to run the installation script and let it do all the hard work. Note: Here I enter a su shell for the sake of simplicity. If you don't want to do this simply append "sudo" to the following commands

Code:

sudo -s
./install.sh

Go ahead and pick what language you want to read everything in and hit enter

Code:

** Para instalação em português, escolha [br].
  ** Fur eine deutsche Installation wohlen Sie [de].
  ** For installation in English, choose [en].
  ** Per l'installazione in Italiano, scegli [it].
  ** Aby instalować w języku Polskim, wybierz [pl].
  ** Türkçe kurulum için seçin [tr].
  (en/br/de/it/pl/tr) [en]:  en  

Next it is going to warn us that we need a C compiler on the machine. (you did install build-essentials didn't you?) and give you some general information about your computer (kernel version, user and host). Go ahead and hit enter likes it says.

Code:

OSSEC HIDS v0.8 Installation Script - http://www.ossec.net

 You are about to start the installation process of the OSSEC HIDS.
 You must have a C compiler pre-installed in your system.
 If you have any questions or comments, please send an e-mail
 to dcid@ossec.net (or daniel.cid@gmail.com).

  - System: Linux diana 2.6.15-25-k7
  - User: root
  - Host: diana


  -- Press ENTER to continue or Ctrl-C to abort. --

Next select a local install

Code:

1- What kind of installation do you want (server, agent, local or help)? local  

Now choose were you want to install it. This HOWTO will choose the default

Code:

- Choose where to install the OSSEC HIDS [/var/ossec]:   

Now select you notification options. You can choose my answers or different ones. I would recommend setting "Y" to everything. Active responses are really nice. It will set some default configuration variables based on your answers and certian things it finds on your system.

Code:

3- Configuring the OSSEC HIDS.

  3.1- Do you want e-mail notification? (y/n) [y]: y
   - What's your e-mail address? youremail@yourdomain.com
   - What's your SMTP server ip/host? your smtp server address (localhost)

  3.2- Do you want to run the integrity check daemon? (y/n) [y]: y

   - Running syscheck (integrity check daemon).

  3.3- Do you want to run the rootkit detection engine? (y/n) [y]: y

   - Running rootcheck (rootkit detection).

  3.4- Active response allows you to execute a specific
       command based on the events received. For example,
       you can block an IP address or disable access for
       a specific user.
       More information at:
       http://www.ossec.net/en/manual.html#active-response

   - Do you want to enable active response? (y/n) [y]: y

     - Active response enabled.

   - By default, we can enable the host-deny and the
     firewall-drop responses. The first one will add
     a host to the /etc/hosts.deny and the second one
     will block the host on iptables (if linux) or on
     ipfilter (if Solaris, FreeBSD or NetBSD).
   - They can be used to stop SSHD brute force scans,
     portscans and some other forms of attacks. You can
     also add them to block on snort events, for example.

   - Do you want to enable the firewall-drop response? (y/n) [y]: y

     - firewall-drop enabled (local) for levels >= 6

   - Default white list for the active response:
      - 192.168.2.1

   - Do you want to add more IPs to the white list? (y/n)? [n]: n

  3.6- Setting the configuration to analyze the following logs:
    -- /var/log/messages
    -- /var/log/auth.log
    -- /var/log/syslog
    -- /var/log/mail.info
    -- /var/log/apache2/error.log (apache log)
    -- /var/log/apache2/access.log (apache log)

 - If you want to monitor any other file, just change
   the ossec.conf and add a new localfile entry.
   Any questions about the configuration can be answered
   by visiting us online at http://www.ossec.net .


   --- Press ENTER to continue ---

Now it will compile everything. This shouldn't take too long to complete. It only took around 1-2 minutes for my boxes. After it is completed press enter to finish.

Code:

- Unknown system. No init script added.

 - Configuration finished properly.

 - To start OSSEC HIDS:
                /var/ossec/bin/ossec-control start

 - To stop OSSEC HIDS:
                /var/ossec/bin/ossec-control stop

 - The configuration can be viewed or modified at /var/ossec/etc/ossec.conf


    Thanks for using the OSSEC HIDS.
    If you have any question, suggestion or if you find any bug,
    contact us at contact@ossec.net or using our public maillist at
    ossec-list@ossec.net
    (http://mailman.underlinux.com.br/mailman/listinfo/ossec-list).

    More information can be found at http://www.ossec.net

    ---  Press ENTER to finish (maybe more information bellow). ---

Now unfourtuntly it doesn't detect Ubuntu so it will not create an init script. This is simple enough to take care of. (Yes, its basic. If you want to improve it please feel free to do so) Copy and paste the following into /etc/init.d/ossec

Code:

#!/bin/sh

case "$1" in
start)
  /var/ossec/bin/ossec-control start
;;
stop)
  /var/ossec/bin/ossec-control stop
;;
restart)
  $0 stop && sleep 3
  $0 start
;;
reload)
  $0 stop
  $0 start
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart|reload}"
exit 1
esac

Now make it executable

Code:

cd /etc/init.d
chmod +x ossec

Add it to our runlevels so it starts on boot

Code:

update-rc.d ossec defaults

Now lets crank her up and make sure everything works

Code:

/etc/init.d/ossec start

If you get something like this, you should be in good shape.

Code:

Starting OSSEC HIDS v0.8 (by Daniel B. Cid)...
Started ossec-maild...
Started ossec-execd...
Started ossec-analysisd...
Started ossec-logcollector...
Started ossec-syscheckd...
Completed.

Now you can go on to customize the setup. Chances are you going to want it to ignore certian directories and create your own rules. Please check out the manual for excellent instructions on doing so.

Caveat: the check_xxx values listed in the documentation should appear as directory attributes (i.e.

Resources:
OSSEC Homepage
OSSEC-HIDS Manual

enable disable System Restore Configuration User Interface

How to Disable the System Restore Configuration User Interface

Method 1: Use Group Policy Editor

1. Click Start, click Run, type gpedit.msc, and then click OK.
2. Expand Computer Configuration, expand Administrative Templates, expandSystem, and then click System Restore.
3. Double-click Turn off System Restore, and then on the Setting tab, select Enable.
4. Double-click Turn off Configuration, and then on the Setting tab, select Enable.
   
   For more information about what these settings do, click the Explain tab on theProperties dialog box.
5. Click Apply, and then click OK.

If users try to access System Restore Configuration, the System Properties dialog box is present, but the System Restore tab is not present.

Method 2: Create a Customized Microsoft Management Console

1. Click Start, click Run, type mmc, and then click OK.
2. In Microsoft Management Console (MMC), on the Console menu, click Add/Remove Snap-in.
3. On the Standalone tab, click Add, click Group Policy under Available Standalone Snap-ins, and then click Add.
4. Accept the default of Local Computer in the Group Policy Object box, and then clickFinish.
5. Close the Add Standalone Snap-in dialog box, and then click OK on theAdd/Remove Snap-in dialog box.
6. Under Console Root, expand Local Computer Policy, expand Computer Configuration, expand Administrative Templates, expand System, and then clickSystem Restore.
7. Double-click Turn off System Restore, and then on the Setting tab, select Enable.
8. Double-click Turn off Configuration, and then on the Setting tab, select Enable.
9. Click Apply, and then click OK.
10. On the Console menu, click Save as, type the name of the new console, and accept the Administrative Tools folder as the default location in which to save this file.
    
    To access the new console, click Start, click More Programs, and then clickAdministrative Tools.

If users try to access System Restore Configuration, the System Properties dialog box is present, but the System Restore tab is not present.

Method 3: Use Registry Editor to Disable System Restore

Important This section, method, or task contains steps that tell you how to modify the registry. However, serious problems might occur if you modify the registry incorrectly. Therefore, make sure that you follow these steps carefully. For added protection, back up the registry before you modify it. Then, you can restore the registry if a problem occurs.

Click Start, click Run, type regedit, and then click OK.

In Registry Editor, locate the following registry key:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows NT

Under Windows NT, create a new key:

1. On the Edit menu, click New, and then click Key.
2. For the name of the new key, type SystemRestore.

Create a new DWORD value:

1. On the Edit menu, click New, and then click DWORD Value.
2. Double-click the new key to open the Edit DWORD Value dialog box.
3. Under Value name, type DisableConfig, under Value data, type 1, and then click OK.

System Restore disabled by Group Policy or virus program (how do I turn it on?)

1. Click Start, Run and type regedit.exe and press Enter

2. Navigate to the following key:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \ Software \ Policies \ Microsoft \ Windows NT \ SystemRestore

In the right-pane:

* Delete the value DisableConfig
* Delete the value DisableSR

3. Exit the Registry Editor.

In Windows XP Professional, you can accomplish the above using Group Policy Editor as well.

1. Click Start, Run and type GPEDIT.MSC

2. Navigate to this path:

-> Computer Configuration
--> Administrative Templates
---> System
----> System Restore

3. Set Turn off System Restore to Not Configured

4. Set Turn off Configuration to Not Configured
More Information

Turn off System Restore corresponds to DisableSR registry value. With this Policy is turned ON, the System Restore tab may be missing in My Computer Properties. Also, when you run System Restore (rstrui.exe), you receive this message:

System Restore has been turned off by group policy. To turn on System Restore, contact your domain Administrator.

Turn off Configuration corresponds to DisableConfig registry value. With this Policy turned ON, the System Restore tab will remain displayed but the user cannot configure the SR options. It reads disabled by Group Policy.

Or perhaps you can review this
Control of System Restore function has been disabled by "Group Policy".
How do regain control?Go to Start>Run, key in gpedit.msc and hit ENTER. Under Computer
Configuration, expand Administrative Templates, expand System, then click on
the System Restore folder. In the right-hand pane, double-click on Turn off
Configuration and, under the Setting tab, click in the radio button beside
Not Configured. Click on Apply then OK.

Please visit the following Microsoft Knowledge Base website
and review the topic titled: "Method 1: Use Group Policy".

How to Disable the System Restore Configuration User Interface
http://support.microsoft.com/default.asp…

Note: You must be an administrator or owner, or have administrative
privileges to perform this task.

Undo the changes using Group Policy Editor (Gpedit.msc)

-or-

Open Registry Editor and navigate to:

HKEY LOCAL MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Wind… NT\SystemRestore

In the right-pane, delete the value "DisableConfig".
Close Registry Editor
Close and re-open the System Restore properties page.

Tutorial: Microsoft Office 2003 Word Introduction

Introduction:

Microsoft Word is an essential tool for the creation of documents. Its ease of use has made Word one of the most widely used word processing applications currently on the market. Therefore, it's important to become familiar with the various facets of this software, since it allows for compatibility across multiple computers as well as collaborative features. Word is a fairly simple program to use for completing simple tasks. However, it may be more difficult to learn how to explore the more advanced possibilities of Word.

Opening Microsoft Word:
To run Word on your computer: “Start” >> “Programs” >> “Microsoft Office” >>  “Microsoft Office Word 2003.” If there is an icon of Microsoft Word available on your desktop (shaped like a square with a "W" in the middle), you can open up the program by double-clicking it, as well.

Making a New Blank Document:
When Word is opened, a new blank document should automatically open. If not, then you can begin a new blank document in a variety of ways.
First, find the "New Blank Document" icon, which looks like a blank sheet of paper, located underneath the menu bar in Word in what is called the "standard toolbar." Click on the icon to bring up a new blank document.

Also, you can go to the menu bar and select File >> New… (shortcut: Ctrl+N).
To begin typing, just click the cursor anywhere within the new blank document.

Opening a Document:
To open to view, edit, or print a document, you must first open up that file in Word.
You can open a file by clicking on the "Open" folder icon (with a picture of a folder) located in the standard toolbar. Or, you can use the menu bar and navigate to File >> Open… (shortcut: Ctrl+O).

Saving a Document:

When you are working with any sort of media in any software, you should be sure to save your work often. In Word, there are numerous options for saving documents in a variety of file types.
To save a new, unsaved document, you can click on the Save icon, shaped like a disk located on the standard toolbar. Or, you can go to the menu bar and select File >> Save… (shortcut: Ctrl+S).

A dialogue box should appear, offering you a number of options. To save the document in the desired location on your computer, locate and select the folder on your computer. Give your document a name in the file name text box. While you can give your document long names, make sure you save it with a name you can remember.
Please note that it's good practice not to use spaces or special characters in file names. For example, a long file name may look like this:
expos_sample_paper1.doc
To save a completely new document using previously existing (and opened) text, you use the Save As option.
Open the document that you wish to save as an entirely new file, go to the menu bar, and click on File >> Save as. In the file name text box, give your document a new name. Using this option allows you to save multiple versions (with different file names) of a document based on one original file.

Formatting Text/Paragraphs Using Toolbars:
In a word processing program such as Word, there are numerous options available for presenting your text. This part of the tutorial will guide you through several of the important features in Word that will allow you to edit, modify, and display text (and non-text) components.

The Standard Toolbar:
Word allows all toolbars to be customized, so you may not find all options listed here.  There are several buttons that may or may not appear immediately in your version of Word.  Use the following graphic as a guide to the Standard Toolbar.

1. New Blank Document:
   To begin a new document, click on the New Blank Document icon, shaped like a blank sheet of paper.
2. Open:
   Clicking on this icon opens up a previously saved document on your computer.
3. Save:
   Clicking on the Save icon saves the document you are currently working on. If you are saving a document for the first time, you can click on this button. However, if you want to save a new file from a preexisting document, then you must go to the menu bar and select “File” >> “Save As” and give the file a new name. When working on any document, you should be sure to save frequently, so that you don't lose any work.
4. Permission:
   Microsoft has enabled Information Rights Management (IRM) within the new version of Word, which can help protect sensitive documents from being copied or forwarded.  Click this for more information and options.
5. Print:
   Clicking on the Print icon automatically prints the document currently active in Word. If you wish to explore more print options, then go to the menu bar and select “File” >> “Print.”
6. Print Preview:
   To get an idea of the appearance of your document in print before you actually print it out, you can click on this icon to view your document from a zoom-out distance.
7. Spelling and Grammar:
   Clicking begins a review of your document in search of spelling and grammatical errors that may need to be corrected.
8. Copy:
   Copy the current selection to the clipboard, which can then be pasted elsewhere in the document, or into a completely separate program/document.
9. Paste:
   Clicking on the Paste button inserts the text that has been most recently added to the Clipboard (the text would have been added there by Cutting or Copying). With Paste, you can either insert the copied text into a document or replace selected text.
10. Undo Typing:
    The Undo Typing button goes back and removes the last addition or change made to your document.
11. Insert Hyperlink:
    You may find that you want to make links to a particular web site, web page, or some other kind of online file in your Word document. Using the Insert Hyperlink button, you can turn selected text into hyperlinks. When the icon is clicked, a window will appear that will allow you to insert the URL (web address) of the web page you want to link to. You can type in the URL yourself or insert a preexisting bookmark. Once the link is inserted, the link in your Word document can be clicked and the web page will open up in a web browser.
12. Insert Table:
    When this icon is clicked, a small window will appear in the form of a grid of squares. Use this window as a guide to indicate how many rows and columns you would like your table to contain. Once selected, a table will automatically appear in Word. Clicking the Tables and Borders button will allow you to modify the table. To modify an aspect of the table, select, or place the cursor in, the area and apply changes such as borders and colors.

The Formatting Toolbar:
Word allows all toolbars to be customized, so you may not find all options listed here.  There are several buttons that may or may not appear immediately in your version of Word.  Use the following graphic as a guide to the Formatting Toolbar.

1. Style:
   Styles in Word are used to quickly format portions of text. For example, you could use the "Normal" or "Default Paragraph Font" for the body text in a document. There are also three preset styles made for headings.
2. Font:
   Font is a simple but important factor in Word documents. The choice of font (the style of the text itself) can influence the way others view documents, either on the screen or in print. For example, Arial font looks better on screen, while Times New Roman is clearer in print. To apply a font to text, select desired text with your cursor, and choose a font from the font drop down menu.
3. Font Size:
   You may encounter times in which you need to display some text larger or smaller than other text. Selecting desired text with the cursor and choosing a font size from the drop down menu changes the size of text.
4. Bold:
   Places the text in bold.
5. Italic:
   Places the text in italics.
6. Underline:
   Underlines the text.
7. Align Left:
   Aligns the selection to the left of the screen/paper.
8. Center:
   Aligns the selection to the center of the screen/paper.
9. Align Right:
   Aligns the selection to the right of the screen/paper.
10. Justify:
    Aligns the selection to both the left and right of the screen/paper.
11. Line Spacing:
    Adjust the line spacing (single-spaced, double-spaced, etc.)
12. Numbering:
    Create a numbered list.
13. Bullets:
    Create an unordered, bulleted list.
14. Decrease Indent:
    Decreases the indentation of the current selection (to the left).
15. Increase Indent:
    Increases the indentation of the current selection (to the right).
16. Outside Border:
    Places a border around the current selection; click the drop-down for a wide selection of bordering options.
17. Highlight:
    Highlight the current selection; default color is yellow.
18. Font Color:
    Change the font color; the default/automatic color is black.

More Formatting:
Besides the toolbars, Word provides a great deal of ways to customize and format your text and documents.

Paragraph Spacing:
To access the Paragraph formatting options, navigate to the menu bar, and select “Format” >> “Paragraph,” or right-click within a paragraph.

A window will appear with options for modifying spacing and indenting. Here, you can choose to make the text in your document single or double spaced, as well as edit the margins for the document.

Headers/Footers:

Headers and footers are important aspects of a Word document if you wish to include information such as page numbers and headings on every page. To access the header and footer options, go to the menu bar and select “View” >> “Header and Footer.”

A dotted-line box called "Header" will automatically appear, as well as a sub-menu for formatting header and footer properties. The cursor will already be placed in the Header box. If you scroll down on your current page opened in Word, you will see a dotted-line box called "Footer." To add text in the Header or the Footer, simply click the cursor inside either one of the boxes, and type the text you want.

To add page numbers to your document, click your cursor inside of the footer box. Then, click on the icon shaped like a sheet of paper with a "#" inside. The page number will then be inserted and applied to all of the pages in your document.

Inserting an Image:
In Word, it's possible to add clipart or other images to a document. Click the cursor in your document where you wish to place an image. Then go to the menu bar and select “Insert” >> “Picture.”

From there, you will find a number of options to choose from. "Clipart" searches through your computer's Clipart library. "From File" will allow you to insert an image saved elsewhere on your computer. Other options include "AutoShapes" and "WordArt."

Magic and some Facts of Microsoft Windows

MAGIC #1
An Indian found that nobody can create a FOLDER anywhere on
the Computer which can be named as “CON”.
This is something funny and inexplicable? At Microsoft the whole Team, couldn’t answer why this happened!
TRY IT NOW, IT WILL NOT CREATE A “CON” FOLDER

MAGIC #2
For those of you using Windows, do the following:
1.) Open an empty notepad file
2.) Type “Bush hid the facts” (without the
quotes)
3.) Save it as whatever you want.
4.) Close it, and re-open it.

Noticed the weird bug?
No one can explain!

MAGIC #3
Again this is something funny and can’t be explained?
At Microsoft the whole Team,couldn't answer why this happened!

It was discovered by a Brazilian. Try it out yourself?

Open Microsoft Word and type
=rand (200, 99)
And then press ENTER
And see the
magic?..!

Magic #4
Did you know that a flight number from one of the planes that hit one of the two WTC towers on 9/11 was Q33N. In Notepad / WordPad or MS Word, type that flight number i.e. Q33N. Increase the font size to 72. Change the font to Wingdings. ….. u will be amazed by the findings!!!…………………..